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One of the nāstika or "heterodox" schools of Indian philosophy

Ajivika (Sanskrit: आजीविक, IAST: Ājīvika) is one of the nāstika or "heterodox" schools of Indian philosophy. Believed to have been founded in the 5th century BCE by Makkhali Gosāla, it was a Śramaṇa movement and a major rival of Vedic religion, early Buddhism, and Jainism. Ājīvikas were organized renunciates who formed discrete communities. The precise identity of the Ājīvikas is not well known, and it is even unclear if they were a divergent sect of the Buddhists or the Jains.

Original scriptures of the Ājīvika school of philosophy may once have existed, but these are currently unavailable and probably lost. Their theories are extracted from mentions of Ājīvikas in the secondary sources of ancient Indian literature. The oldest descriptions of the Ājīvika fatalists and their founder Gosāla can be found both in the Buddhist and Jaina scriptures of ancient India. Scholars question whether Ājīvika philosophy has been fairly and completely summarized in these secondary sources, as they were written by groups (such as the Buddhists and Jains) competing with and adversarial to the philosophy and religious practices of the Ājīvikas. It is likely that much of the information available about the Ājīvikas is inaccurate to some degree, and characterizations of them should be regarded carefully and critically.

The Ājīvika school is known for its Niyati ("Fate") doctrine of absolute fatalism or determinism, the premise that there is no free will, that everything that has happened, is happening and will happen is entirely preordained and a function of cosmic principles. The pred

Faith Mangope

Washington Fellow Faith Mangope is an astute professional with an intellectual climate to back-up her captivating broadcasting skills.

Faith honed her radio skills by working as an executive producer on shows like The John Robbie Show, Early Breakfast with Udo Carelse, Afternoon Drive with David O’Sullivan, and Talk At Nine on Talk Radio 702.The host of Metro FM Talk, on South Africa’s second largest commercial radio station, she engages daily on socio-political and economic matters to a listenership of over 4 million. Faith is also the Founder of the Faith Mangope Technology and Leadership Institute, a digital skills and leadership development institution dedicated to addressing the digital skills gap currently faced in South Africa and the African continent. It capacitates young women from disadvantaged backgrounds with digital skills competencies to be relevant in the marketplace, and then places these young women in jobs upon completion of the year long programme. It looks to future proof the world of work thereby future proofing South Africa and Africa’s economy.
Faith is also the co founder and Director of FMTALI-Tech, a tech solutions private company which services both private and public markets. The uniqueness of FMTALI-Tech is that it’s service providers are mainly women.
Faith is the former host of The South African Morning” on eNCA and the former Station Manager of urban and innovative digital radio station, Massiv Metro, as well as former host of e.tv’s breakfast television show, Sunrise.

In 2022, Faith Mangope was recognized as one of South Africa’s Powerful Women, in The Mail and Guardian Power of Women Awards. This was for her contribution to the education sector through her technology and leadership institute, The Faith Mangope Technology and Leadership Institute. Also as
one of the Top 200 South Africans by the Mail and Guardian as well as Top 100 Young South Africans by the Independent Newspapers in 2016, Faith Mangope str

Varna in Hinduism, one of four castes

Not to be confused with Brahman (a metaphysical concept in Hinduism), Brahma (a Hindu god), Brahmana (a layer of text in the Vedas), or Brahmi script.

For other uses, see Brahmin (disambiguation).

Brahmin (; Sanskrit: ब्राह्मण, romanized: brāhmaṇa) is a varna (caste) within Hindu society. The other three varnas are the Kshatriya, Vaishya and Shudra. The traditional occupation of Brahmins is that of priesthood (purohit, pandit, or pujari) at Hindu temples or at socio-religious ceremonies, and the performing of rite of passage rituals, such as solemnising a wedding with hymns and prayers.

Traditionally, Brahmins are accorded the highest ritual status of the four social classes, and they also served as spiritual teachers (guru or acharya). In practice, Indian texts suggest that some Brahmins historically also became agriculturalists, warriors, traders, and had also held other occupations in the Indian subcontinent.

Origin and history

It seems likely that Kannauj and Middle country was the place of origin of majority of migrating Brahmins throughout the medieval centuries. Coming from Kannauj is a frequent claim among Brahmins in areas distant from Madhyadesha or Ganges heartland.

Generic meaning of the term "Brahmin"

The term Brahmin appears extensively in ancient and medieval Sutras and commentary texts of Buddhism and Jainism. Modern scholars state that such usage of the term Brahmin in ancient