Condicionamiento clasico ivan pavlov biography

Aspect of learning procedure

"Pavlov's dog" and "Pavlovian" redirect here. For the Pavlovian Upper Paleolithic culture, see Pavlovian culture. For other uses, see Pavlov's dog (disambiguation).

Classical conditioning (also respondent conditioning and Pavlovian conditioning) is a behavioral procedure in which a biologically potent stimulus (e.g. food, a puff of air on the eye, a potential rival) is paired with a neutral stimulus (e.g. the sound of a musical triangle). The term classical conditioning refers to the process of an automatic, conditioned response that is paired with a specific stimulus.

The Russian physiologistIvan Pavlov studied classical conditioning with detailed experiments with dogs, and published the experimental results in In the study of digestion, Pavlov observed that the experimental dogs salivated when fed red meat. Pavlovian conditioning is distinct from operant conditioning (instrumental conditioning), through which the strength of a voluntary behavior is modified, either by reinforcement or by punishment. However, classical conditioning can affect operant conditioning; classically conditioned stimuli can reinforce operant responses.

Classical conditioning is a basic behavioral mechanism, and its neural substrates are now beginning to be understood. Though it is sometimes hard to distinguish classical conditioning from other forms of associative learning (e.g. instrumental learning and human associative memory), a number of observations differentiate them, especially the contingencies whereby learning occurs.

Together with operant conditioning, classical conditioning became the foundation of behaviorism, a school of psychology which was dominant in the midth century and is still an important influence on the practice of psychological therapy and the study of animal behavior. Classical conditioning has been applied in other areas as well. For example, it may affe

ABSTRACT

Pavlov and Cajal were two influential scientists who developed their work in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Both won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The authors analyze the similarities between their life and work, delving into a single aspect: the Nobel prize obtained by both with only two years of difference: Pavlov in and Cajal in , shared with Camilo Golgi. Both belonged to two declining empires when nationalism was still of some importance. The theories proposed by them more than years ago are still valid in much of what they contributed in their respective disciplines.

Keywords: History of Medicine, Biography, Classical Conditioning, Neurosciences, Nobel Prize

RESUMEN

Pavlov y Cajal fueron dos científicos influyentes que desarrollaron su trabajo a finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX. Ambos ganaron el premio Nobel de Fisiología o Medicina. Los autores analizan las similitudes entre su vida y obra, profundizando en un solo aspecto: el premio Nobel obtenido por ambos con tan solo dos años de diferencia: Pavlov en y Cajal en , compartido con Camilo Golgi. Ambos pertenecían a dos imperios en decadencia, en un momento en que el nacionalismo todavía tenía cierta importancia. Las teorías propuestas por ellos, hace más de años, siguen vigentes en lo fundamental de lo que aportaron en sus respectivas disciplinas.

Palabras clave: Historia de la Medicina, Biografía, Condicionamiento Clásico, Neurociencias, Premio Nobel

Iván Petrovich Pavlov () and Santiago Ramón y Cajal () were two major scientists who developed their work in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Both won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with a short chronological difference: Pavlov in and Cajal (shared with Camilo Golgi) in .

There are similarities between their life and work. Since it is impossible to cover the work of both, the authors have decided to delve into only one aspect: the Nobel Prize won by both with only two ye

Pavlov&#;s Dog Experiment

Pavlov () started from the idea that there are some things that a dog does not need to learn. For example, dogs don’t learn to salivate whenever they see food. This reflex is ‘hard-wired’ into the dog.

Pavlov showed that dogs could be conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell if that sound was repeatedly presented at the same time that they were given food.

Pavlov&#;s studies of classical conditioning have become famous since his early work between and Classical conditioning is &#;classical&#; in that it is the first systematic study of the basic laws of learning (also known as conditioning).

Pavlov&#;s dogs were individually situated in secluded environments, secured within harnesses. A food bowl was positioned before them, and a device was employed to gauge the frequency of their salivary gland secretions.

The data from these measurements were systematically recorded onto a rotating drum, allowing Pavlov to meticulously monitor the rates of salivation throughout the course of the experiments.

First, the dogs were presented with the food, and they salivated. The food was the unconditioned stimulus and salivation was an unconditioned (innate) response. (i.e., a stimulus-response connection that required no learning).

Unconditioned Stimulus (Food) > Unconditioned Response (Salivate)

In his experiment, Pavlov used a metronome as his neutral stimulus. By itself, the metronome did not elicit a response from the dogs. 

Neutral Stimulus (Metronome) > No Response

Next, Pavlov began the conditioning procedure, whereby the clicking metronome was introduced just before he gave food to his dogs. After a number of repeats (trials) of this procedure, he presented the metronome on its own.

As you might expect, the sound of the clicking metronome on its own now caused an increase in salivation.

Conditioned Stimulus (Metronome) > Conditioned Response (Salivate)

So, the dog had learned an association between